Depression+and+Suicide+in+Adolescents

**Depression and the Adolescent Experience** **What we know, what we don't, and what we can do (differently).** //**You don't understand. It doesn't matter. Things aren't like they were when you were a kid. Nothing I do matters anyway. What do you care?**//

**//Just leave me alone .//**



**In almost every possible way, we make exceptions for teens. They sleep late, they push boundaries, they internalize problems, they argue (even when we don't understand why)--quite simply, we remember and take for grated the difficulties that arise in the most awkward and difficult of developmental stages.**

**And yet, parents, teachers, and responsible adults regularly overlook the basic symptoms of childhood and adolescent depression.**

**This site is designed as a resource for families and community members who are ready to change how we approach depression in our children through knowledge, compassion, creativity, and awareness. By investigating the ways in which we stigmatize depression and unknowingly discourage communication, developing ways to identify the signs and signals of adolescent depression, and by finding the resources to move forward, we can establish an open-minded and thorough understanding of how to lead healthier and more productive lives. Together.**

**How Bad Is It?**

====Teen depression and suicide is nothing short of an epidemic. With the incredible rise of social media and the extent to which adolescents are tethered to electronic devices and virtual communication, it is increasingly difficult to monitor or even to comprehend the kinds of experiences our youths are having on a daily basis. Given the fact that adolescence is inherently a time of increased independence and separation from one's caregivers, the extent to which a child is willing or able to discuss their emotional experiences is extremely limited. Just how much of a problem is it? Take a look at the numbers: ====

According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), for youth between the ages of 10 and 24, suicide is the third most common form of death, with approximately 4,400 lives lost per year.

Each year, more than 149,000 teens are treated for self-inflicted injuries in emergency rooms across the U.S.

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's //National Survey of Drug Use and Health// shows the following statistics:



In 2009, 8 percent of the population, ages 12–17, had a Major Depressive Episode (MDE) during the past year.

In each year between 2004 and 2009, the prevalence of MDE among youth was more than twice as high among females (12 percent to 13 percent) as among males (4 percent to 5 percent).

The past-year prevalence of MDE in 2009 was lowest in youth ages 12–13 (5 percent), compared with youth ages 14–15 (9 percent) and youth ages 16–17 (10 percent).

In 2009, 72 percent of youth with MDE (5.8 percent of the population ages 12–17) reported that the MDE caused severe problems in at least one major life domain.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">The percentage of youth with MDE receiving treatment for depression, defined as seeing or talking to a medical doctor or other professional about the depressive episode and/or using prescription medication for depression in the past year, declined from 40 percent in 2004 to 35 percent in 2009.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">What does it all mean? It means that we have to increase our communication skills with our children and students, and start looking for new ways to address the problem.



<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">**Identifying the Signs.**

====<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Perhaps the most crucial element to giving your child or student the help that they both need and deserve is knowing what to look for and how to address it. ====

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Countless studies and clinical trials have been conducted to identify the common signs of depression. So many, in fact, that it can be overwhelming for a concerned parent. One important thing to keep in mind: if you are concerned, seek assistance. You know your child better than anyone, and if you feel as if your child might be suffering, then do not hesitate to ASK.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">What follows is a list of potential signs and/or triggers for depression:


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Noticeable signs of regular or recurring sadness, unhappiness, or self-induced isolation;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Irregular irritability or frustration, especially concerning minor events. This can also manifest itself in outbursts of unfamiliar anger or sensitivity, including spells of crying;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Loss of interest, pleasure, or involvement in activities that typically provide excitement;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Unexpected or atypical decrease in school performance;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Insomnia or excessive fatigue;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Changes in appetite, either eating to excess or a lack of interest in regular meals. Given the preoccupation with physical appearance in adolescents, this can be crucial. Also be aware of hoarding food, or eating in “secret”;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Agitation, restlessness, outward signs of discomfort: pacing, inattentiveness, hand-wringing, inability to sit still;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Indecisiveness, distractibility, decreased concentration;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Feelings of worthlessness or guilt. Adolescents tend to internalize problems, especially those well beyond their control (e.g., familial strife, economic problems);
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Frequent thoughts of death, mortality, suicide;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Appearance or recurrence of unexplained physical problems (back pain, headaches).

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">From the [|American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry]:

====<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">What follows are helpful, downloadable pdfs detailing some specific answers to specific questions or concerns you may have as a parent of a depressed child or adolescent as provided by the AACAP: ====

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">[|The Depressed Child.pdf] <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">[|When to Seek Help for Your Child.pdf] <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">[|What is Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents.pdf] <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">[|Psychotherapies for Children and Adolescents.pdf] <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">[|Teen Suicide.pdf] ==== **<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">For a complete list of fully downloadable files from the AACAP, please visit their [|//Facts for Families//] page. ** ====

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Any educators interested in learning more about depression and teenage suicide prevention should visit the Society for the Prevention of Teen Suicide

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">There you'll find an two-hour certification source dealing specifically with suicide and will go towards professional development. For more information, visit:

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">SPTS University

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<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">**Therapy Starts at Home.**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Studies from across the disciplinary landscape, which can disagree on many (perhaps most) subjects, all agree that children and adolescents are at significantly greater risk of continued depression and potential suicide if they do not pursue treatment in a therapeutic environment.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">There are local agencies, ranging from Community Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) to therapists in private practice, available to help (see below for local agencies in the Michiana area). However, parents who are planning to pursue treatment for their child or adolescent should also be aware that therapy doesn’t end when your child leaves the therapist’s office. Successful treatment occurs when all parties—patient, therapist, and parents—are working in concert.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Here are some helpful tips for creating a safe and open environment for your child:

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Let your child know that you are there, available, and unconditionally attentive.** Allow your child to lead discussion, to set the parameters of the conversation, and try to steer clear of asking too many questions. As you already know, adolescents are easily frustrated when they feel intruded upon, so allow them to set the tone and pace of the discussion.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Suspend your judgments.** What may seem trivial or insignificant to you could very easily be devastating for your teen. Be sure to keep an open mind and ample patience.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Don’t give up.** A depressed teen is predisposed to a lack of trust and sense of their own isolation. If your child rejects you or your attempts, try and empathize. Verbalizing depression is difficult for adolescents. All you can do is reiterate your concern and willingness to talk without making your child feel forced into dialogue.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Validate them.** Adolescents are very likely to direct a great deal of self-loathing and guilt at themselves. It is common for teens to feel that they “shouldn’t feel the way they do” or that they should just “get over it.” It will be extremely important for you to create an atmosphere where EVERY feeling is considered with respect and NO emotion is undermined by negation.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">**Isn't Therapy for "Crazies"?**

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">For anyone still under the impression that suicide, depression, or mental illness only effects a small and isolation number of children and adolescents, even a cursory search will prove otherwise.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">The prevalence of social media and the our reliance on the internet in all of its forms is both a blessing and a curse. On the one hand, it exposes adolescents to entirely new forms of bullying and social pressure which can be difficult to comprehend for parents, especially those not invested in the world of social media. However, the internet can provide a safe-haven for today's youth. Chat-rooms, message boards, and online communities allow students to pursue potentially healthy and productive outlets in the virtual world.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">One of the ways it can help parents and teachers is by providing that same safety in the knowledge that you, too, have a community. You, too, have a place to share information concerning the dangers of depression and teen suicide.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">By sharing and creating safe havens online, we have a unique opportunity to destigmatize depression and mental health, and opening up avenues of dialogue that have never been opened before.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">See for yourself. Take a moment to watch these extraordinary and eye-opening videos.

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<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The preceding video was developed by Youth Suicide Prevention Program of Washington State, in conjunction with middle school health curriculum. For more information, visit the Youth Suicide Prevention Program (YSPP), a prevention education program that is focused on reducing suicidal behaviors among the youth of Washington state.

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<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The preceding video was created by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. What follows is a brief description of the initiative and the production of the film:

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> **The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention** has partnered with the New York State Office of Mental Health to develop an educational program to help teachers and other school personnel learn more about teen suicide and how they can play a role in its prevention. //More Than Sad: Suicide Prevention Education for Teachers and Other School Personnel// features two films, each approximately 25 minutes in length, and a manual that integrates both films into a comprehensive suicide prevention program. The program is designed to comply with state requirements or recommendations for teacher education in suicide prevention, and can be used for group trainings or individual study.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> The films were co-produced by AFSP and the award-winning Break Thru Films, and have been //endorsed by the National Association of School Psychologists.// //More Than Sad: Suicide Prevention Education for Teachers and Other School Personnel// is currently under review for inclusion in the //Best Practices Registry for Suicide Prevention//.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">The film for educators and school personnel can be found here

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">And, the film for teens can be found [|here]

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">**Teens, Sexuality, and Depression.**

====<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Over the past two decades, Americans have become increasingly sensitive to teenage sexual development and the marginalization of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender citizens. There are an increasing number of resources available for teens and parents who are struggling to find their own voices in relation to discrimination, bullying, and the depression that results from irresponsible insensitivity to individuality. ====

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">The It Gets Better Project
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">The It Gets Better Project was created to show young LGBT people the levels of happiness, potential, and positivity their lives will reach – if they can just get through their teen years. The It Gets Better Project wants to remind teenagers in the LGBT community that they are not alone — and it WILL get better.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">The Trevor Project

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">The Trevor Project is the leading national organization providing crisis intervention and suicide prevention services to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning (LGBTQ) youth.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Not only is The Trevor Project an invaluable resource, they've also compiled an extraordinary list of resources that you can pursue on your own. Please download the following pdf which lists sixteen pages of books and films concerning teen sexuality, suicide, and mental health.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">[|Book And Film List for LGBTQ Young People - Revised January 2012.pdf]



<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">**Developing a Crisis Plan.**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">If you have a child or adolescent who suffers from depression or who has attempted suicide, consider creating a Crisis Plan. A Crisis Plan is a personalized document which allows you and your child to put into YOUR OWN WORDS what depression and crisis means to you. It provides a way for school personnel, family members, and friends to treat your child in a respectful and, most of all, helpful manner if and when the need should arise. Hopefully, too, it will provide you and your child with some insight into how and when episodes begin.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">A basic Crisis Plan includes:


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">All pertinent contact information;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">A list of triggers or symptoms of a crisis;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Names and contact information for support persons;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Health Care providers;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Anything and everything you and your child decide are essential to helping in a crisis.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">The link which follows provides a template for a simple and easy-to-use Crisis Plan.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Remember, though, a Crisis Plan is only effective if it shows WHO YOU ARE and HOW YOU CAN BE HELPED. If the template included here doesn't work for you, by all means, create something that fits your personality.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;">[|Crisis Plan Template.pdf]

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">**Where to Go - In Person and Online.**

====<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">If you're local to the South Bend-Mishawaka-Michiana area, there are two exceptional treatment centers for your child or adolescent if you need ongoing, in- or outpatient treatment: ====

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Michiana Behavioral Health
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Michiana Behavioral Health Center** delivers mental health care in collaboration with patients, families, employees, physicians and the community.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Michiana Behavioral Health Center** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">1800 North Oak Drive <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Plymouth IN 46563 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Phone: **800-795-6252**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Oaklawn Psychiatric Center
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">According to the website: intensive services have become Oaklawn's trademark—what we are known for and where much of our expertise lies. Oaklawn specializes in residential services for children and adolescents, inpatient care for seniors, services for adults with serious and persistent mental illness, and treatment of complex addictions. In addition, our range of services includes outpatient services, intensive outpatient programs, and a variety of community-based case management and supportive programs for all ages.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Oaklawn Psychiatric Center** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">330 Lakeview Drive <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">P.O. Box 809 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Goshen, Indiana 46527 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Phone: (574) 533-1234 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Toll-free: (800) 282-0809 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Fax: (574) 537-2673

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">If you would like further information online, or are curious about the types of services are available, what follows is just a small sample of what is available:

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Suicide Prevention Resource Center

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">SPRC is the nation’s only federally supported resource center devoted to advancing the //[|National Strategy for Suicide Prevention].//

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Society for the Prevention of Teen Suicide

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">A non-profit organization dedicated to reducing the number of youth suicides and attempted suicides by encouraging overall public awareness through the development and promotion of educational training programs for teens, parents and educators.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">SAMHSA is dedicated to reenforcing the importance of behavioral health services. The website is an extraordinary resource which balances information and coordinated efforts for people from all walks of life.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Boys Town: Help at the End of the Line

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">The Boys Town National HotlineSM is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and staffed by specially trained Boys Town counselors. It is accredited by the American Association of Suicidiology (AAS).

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Call, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year: (800) 448-3000

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Teen Line

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">**TEEN LINE** is a confidential telephone helpline for teenaged callers. It operates every evening from 6:00pm to 10:00pm PST.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Call (800) 852-8336 If you have a problem or just want to talk with another teen who understands. **TEEN LINE** also offers [|message boards], resources and information.



**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 150%;">Beginning the Search for Research. **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Included in the source-list below, you'll find a substantial number of sites and texts to delve deeper into the history and information concerning adolescent depression and suicide. As a start, though, the following three articles--all of which are available in the embedded links--will give a preliminary sense of the kinds of research and academic pursuits going on today.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Williams, K. A., Chapman, M. V. Comparing health and mental health needs, service use, and barriers to services among sexual minority youths and their peers. //Health & Social Work//. Aug. 2011. Vol. 36, Issue 3, 197-206.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The authors here performed a comparative study of sexual minority youths (STYs) and their heterosexual peers to investigate the correlation between the marginalization of STYs are their willingness to pursue mental and behavioral health services. The result of their research indicates some startling differences between the emotional lives of STYs and those of their peers. Specifically, SMYs experience notably higher levels of anxiety and depression, and, worse, suicidal ideation and likelihood of attempts. Perhaps the most unsettling aspect of the entire study is that though STYs do, in fact, experience greater levels of emotional disturbance, they are less likely to pursue mental or social health services in either the community or school settings. The authors suggest significant changes to school- and community-based interventions encouraging dialogue and highlighting access.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Comparing health and mental health needs, service use, and barriers to services among sexual minority youths and their peers..pdf]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">King, K. A., Strunk, C. M., Sorter, M. T. Preliminary effectiveness of Surviving the Teens Suicide Prevention and Depression Awareness Program on adolescents’ suicidality and self-efficacy in performing help-seeking behaviors. //Journal of School Health//. Sep. 2011. Vol. 81, Issue 9, 581-590.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The research here addresses the lack of adequate data concerning established, effective curricular programs for suicide prevention. The study examined the implementation and impact of Surviving the Teens Suicide Prevention and Depression Awareness Program, occurring over a three-month period and involving more than 1,000 students in the greater Cincinnati area. The results support the authors’ claim that investment in the program, in conjunction with supportive follow-up, greatly reduces recurring suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms. One of the strongest supporting elements here is this: 87.3% of the participating students felt that the program should be offered to //all// high school students.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Preliminary effectiveness of Surviving the Teens Suicide Prevention and Depression Awareness Program.pdf]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Giletta, M., Prinstein, M.J., Scholte, R.H.J., Burk, W.J., Engels, R.C.M.E., Larsen, J. K., Ciairano, S. Similarity in depressive symptoms in adolescents' friendship dyads: selection or socialization? Developmental Psychology. Nov. 2011, Vol. 47 Issue 6, 1804-1814.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">In examining tendencies of socialization as explanatory mechanisms which predict similarities in the depressive symptoms of best friends, the authors here incorporated 1,752 adolescents, ranging from 12-16. The results of the research indicate adolescents often reported symptoms that were reflective of their “friendships”, but that the symptoms were not necessarily predictive of relationship formation. The depth and ingenuity of the study itself serves as an excellent reminder of just how little we truly understand about adolescent depression. Examining friendships, and the levels of intimacy therein, as integral components to depression is a thoughtful and worthy endeavor.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Selection or socialization.pdf]

**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 150%;">Sources. **

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: justify;">What follows is a list of trade books, scholarly articles, websites, and online resources that were used in the construction of this site. I encourage anyone interested--no matter of they are parents, teens, educators, or scholars--to peruse the items below to continue the learning process.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">Abela, J. R. Z., & Hankin, B. L. (Eds.). (2008). //Handbook of depression in children and adolescents//. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. //Teen Suicide//. Retrieved from http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/teen_suicide.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2011. Adolescent Depression. //Childstats: A// //Forum on Family and Children Statistics//. Retrieved <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;"> from http://www.childstats.gov/americaschildren/health4.asp.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">Altmann, E., & Gotlib, I. (1988). The social behavior of depressed children: An observational study. //Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology//, //16//, 29-44.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">Berlinger, N.T. (2005). //Rescuing your teenager from depression//. New York, NY: Harper.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, Barbe RP, Birmaher B, Pincus HA, Ren L, Brent DA, MD. Clinical Response and Risk for Reported Suicidal Ideation and <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;"> Suicide Attempts in Pediatric Antidepressant Treatment: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of the American Medical <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;"> Association. 2007; 297:1683-1696.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">Clarke, G. N., DeBar, L.L., & Lewisohn, P.M. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral group treatment for adolescent depression. //Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and// <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;"> //adolescents// (pp. 120-134). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">Compas, B., Grant, K., & Ey, S. (1994). Psychosocial stress and child and adolescent depression: Can we be more specific? //Handbook of depression in children// <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;"> //and adolescents// (pp. 509-523). New York, NY: Plenum Press.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">Empfield, M. & Bakalar, N. (2001). //Understanding Teenage Depression: A Guide to Diagnosis, Treatment,// //and Management//. New York, NY: Holt Publishing.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">Hollon, S., Thase, M., & Markowitz, J. (2002). Treatment and prevention of depression. //Psychological Science in the Public Interest//, //3//, 39-77.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">Lewisohn, P.M., & Clarke, G.N. (1999). Psychosocial treatments for adolescent depression. //Clinical Psychology Review//, //19//, 329-342.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">Mayer, M. J., Van Acker, R., Lochmann, J.E., & Gresham, F.M. (Eds.). (2009). //Cognitive-behavioral interventions for emotional and behavioral disorders:// <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;"> //school-based practice//. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">Mondimore, F.M. (2002). //Adolescent Depression: A Guide for Parents and Teachers.// Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">National Institute of Mental Health. Antidepressant Medications for Children and Adolescents: Information for Parents and Caregivers. //National Institute for Mental// <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;"> //Health.// Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/child-and-adolescent-mental-health/antidepressant-medications-for-children-and-adolescents- <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;"> information-for-parents-and-caregivers.shtml#Bridge-JAMA

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">Simon GE, Savarino J, Operskalski B, Wang P. Suicide Risk During Antidepressant Treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006. 163 (1): 41-47.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">Smith, M., Barston, S., & Segal, J. Teen depression: a guide for parents and teachers. //Helpguide//. Retrieved from http://helpguide.org/mental/depression_teen.htm.

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